Cars were torched in Paris and other French cities during spontaneous demonstrations involving several thousand people.
Trade unions urged workers to step up strikes on Friday and briefly blocked the Paris ring road.
Interior Minister Gerald Darmanin said police had arrested some 310 people and promised to crack down on trouble-makers.
"Opposition is legitimate, protests are legitimate but causing mayhem is not," he told RTL radio.
The unrest was reminiscent of the Yellow Vest protests that erupted in late 2018 over high fuel prices and forced Macron into a partial U-turn on a carbon tax.
The pension overhaul raises France's retirement age by two years to 64, which the government says is essential to ensure the system does not go bust
In parliament, opposition lawmakers promised to file motions of no-confidence in parliament and called for Prime Minister Elisabeth Borne to resign.
However, there was little chance the fragmented opposition could unite to bring down the government, with Conservative LR lawmakers ruling out joining motions of no-confidence.
Votes in parliament were likely to take place at the weekend or on Monday.
Labour Minister Olivier Dussopt told BFM TV that if those motions of no confidence were rejected, the pensions overhaul bill would "be enacted", downplaying the risk this could fuel further anger.
"I'm not in denial of the difficulties we are facing but, at a moment when things are moving, we must stay the course," he said.
Trade unions have called for a new national day of strikes and demonstrations on Thursday.
