US District Judge Tanya Chutkan on Mondat in Washington found Trump "has not sufficiently justified his requests" for information tied to the Democratic-led House of Representatives probe, which concluded in 2022.
Trump sought to subpoena materials that his lawyers said were "missing" from the House investigation, including transcripts and video recordings of interviews with law enforcement officials.
The judge concluded that prosecutors had already given Trump written transcripts of those interviews and that his lawyers had not shown how video footage of those same conversations could be relevant to his defence.
Trump has pleaded not guilty to charges that he illegally sought to overturn his defeat in the 2020 election. The case, brought by Special Counsel Jack Smith, is one of four criminal cases facing Trump, the frontrunner for the Republican nomination in 2024.
Following a separate court ruling, Smith's team on Monday made public new information about the January search warrant issued to X (formerly Twitter), for information on Trump's account.
The warrant sought information on all electronic devices that accessed Trump's account between October 2020 and January 2021 as well as the content of direct messages sent and received from the account, according to court filings.
Trump's Twitter account was suspended following the 2021 riot at the Capitol by his supporters. The sanction was lifted in November 2022 after the platform was taken over by CEO Elon Musk.
Prosecutors convinced a judge to bar Twitter from informing Trump about the warrant, a move the company opposed.
Trump is also set to testify for a second time in his ongoing civil fraud trial in New York on December 11, his lawyers said on Monday.
In defiant and rambling testimony on November 6, Trump denied the New York attorney-general's allegations that he inflated his net worth to dupe lenders.
