The South Asian country will have an estimated 1.4286 billion people against China's 1.4257 billion by the middle of the year, according to UN projections released on Wednesday. Demographers say the limits of population data make it impossible to calculate an exact date.
China has had the world's largest population since at least 1950, the year UN population data began. Both China and India have more than 1.4 billion people, and combined they make up more than a third of the world's 8 billion people.
Not long ago, India wasn't expected to become most populous until later this decade. But the timing has been sped up by a drop in China's fertility rate, with families having fewer children.
Today, China has an ageing population with stagnant growth despite the government retreating from its one-child policy seven years ago.
In contrast, India has a much younger population, a higher fertility rate, and has seen a decrease in infant mortality over the last three decades. Still, the country's fertility rate has been steadily falling, from over five births per woman in 1960 to just over two in 2020, according to World Bank data.
India's continued growth is likely to have social and economic consequences. It has the largest number of young people at 254 million aged between 15 and 24 years, according to the UN
Experts say this could mean an expanding labour force that can help fuel growth in the country for decades to come. But they warn it could just as swiftly become a demographic liability if the growing number of young people in India are not adequately employed.
The report surveyed 1007 Indians, 63 per cent of whom said economic issues were their top concern when thinking about population change, followed by worries about the environment, health and human rights.
"The Indian survey findings suggest that population anxieties have seeped into large portions of the general public. Yet, population numbers should not trigger anxiety or create alarm," Andrea Wojnar, the UN Population Fund's representative for India, said in a statement. She added that they should be seen as a symbol of progress and development "if individual rights and choices are being upheld".
The hope is that India's soaring number of working age people will give it a "demographic dividend," or the potential for economic growth when a country's young, working age population is larger than its share of older people who are beyond their working years. That is what helped China become an economic and global heavyweight, even as its number of working age adults is now falling.
On Wednesday, China responded to news of the UN report, with Foreign Ministry spokesperson Wang Wenbin saying "a country's demographic dividend depends not only on quantity but also on quality".
"The population is important, so is talent... China's demographic dividend has not disappeared, the talent dividend is taking place and development momentum remains strong," Wang said at a briefing.
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