Azerbaijan's lightening 24-hour military operation forced the ethnic Armenians of Karabakh to accept a humiliating ceasefire agreement on Wednesday that has stoked calls for the resignation of Armenian Prime Minister Nikol Pashinyan.
The future of Karabakh and its 120,000 ethnic Armenians hangs in the balance: Azerbaijan wants to integrate the breakaway region but ethnic Armenians said the world had abandoned them to a fate that could include ethnic cleansing.
Azerbaijani President Ilham Aliyev vowed to guarantee their rights but said his iron fist had consigned the idea of an independent ethnic Armenian Karabakh to history and that the region would be turned into a "paradise" as part of Azerbaijan.
Hikmet Hajiyev, foreign policy adviser to Azerbaijan's president, told Reuters in a television interview that Baku envisaged an amnesty for those Karabakh fighters who gave up their weapons.
"Even with regard to former militaries and combatants, if they can be classified in such a way, and even for them we are envisaging an amnesty or alluding to an amnesty as well," Hajiyev said.
Karabakh Armenian rights would be respected as part of their integration into Azerbaijan, he said, adding that they had requested humanitarian support as well as oil and gasoline supplies.
Three cargos of humanitarian help would be delivered to the region on Friday, he said.
"Currently we are seeing that some individual army groups and officers that made the public statements that they won't come to our terms and will continue resistance," he said.
"But we do not see that to be the biggest challenge, and big security challenge.
"Of course this will cause certain challenges and difficulties but not on such a big scale."
Karabakh is internationally recognised as part of mainly Muslim Azerbaijan, but its Christian Armenian population has held de facto independence since breaking away in a war in the 1990s as the Soviet Union collapsed.
After a 2020 war in which Azerbaijan was victorious, Armenia's Pashinyan was forced to accept Azerbaijan's control over a much larger territory.
Azerbaijan's claim of victory over the region ushers in yet another twist to the tumultuous history of mountainous Nagorno-Karabakh, which over the centuries has come under the sway of Persians, Turks, Russians, Ottomans and Soviets.
It could also change the delicate balance of power in the South Caucasus region, a patchwork of ethnicities crisscrossed with oil and gas pipelines where Russia, the United States, Turkey and Iran are jostling for influence.
Many of the 120,000 Armenians of Karabakh say they have been abandoned by Russia, the West and Armenia itself - and have repeatedly said they fear persecution at the hands of Azerbaijan, which is supported by Turkey.
"At any moment they could destroy us, engage in genocide against us - do you Reuters understand this?" David Babayan, an adviser to Samvel Shahramanyan, the president of the self-styled "Republic of Artsakh", told Reuters.
"The West is silent, Russia is silent, Armenia is silent.
"What should we do?"
Thousands of Karabakh Armenians were still massed at the local airport where some Russian peacekeepers are based, according to pictures posted on social media.
"Our people need access to essential provisions such as food, medicine, doctors, and psychologists," said Ruben Vardanyan, a former State Minister of the breakaway government.
Russia, which has almost 2000 peacekeepers in Karabakh, has called for calm but has been accused by some Armenians including Pashinyan of not doing enough to support Armenia.
