The face-to-face talk in Washington DC on Tuesday morning local time will be the second meeting between the pair but the first since Mr Bessent was sworn in as US treasury secretary.
Dr Chalmers will also meet National Economic Council Director Kevin Hassett for the first time.
"Whether it's the flow of capital or critical minerals and trade, the Treasury Secretary, National Economic Council Director and I have lots to discuss," Dr Chalmers said.
Australian government officials, including Prime Minister Anthony Albanese, have been urgently lobbying their US counterparts to exempt Australian exporters from 25 per cent tariffs on steel and aluminium signed by President Donald Trump earlier in February.
Dr Chalmers will remind Mr Bessent and Mr Hassett of the two countries' longstanding alliance, the US' trading surplus with Australia, Australia's high foreign investment in the US and the nations' partnership in areas like critical minerals.
"Australia's relationship with the United States is strong and enduring, and one that benefits both sides," Dr Chalmers said.
"Trade and tariffs will be part of the conversation but not the whole conversation.
"I won't pre-empt the talks on steel and aluminium, except to say they are ongoing discussions and I don't expect to conclude them while I'm there."
Speaking to media after signing the tariffs into effect, Mr Trump promised to give "great consideration" to Australia's case for an exemption.
Dr Chalmers on Monday attended the US Super Investment Summit, where a delegation of Australian super funds holding more than $1.5 trillion of funds under management have been attempting to build bridges with US investors.
The US already attracts more than one third of overseas super fund investments in the private market, valued at almost $80 billion.
But the industry is hoping that could expand to $380 billion or more with increased collaboration.
"We are constantly scouring the world looking for opportunities to grow Australians' retirement savings," said David Whiteley, head of external relations at asset manager IFM Investors.
"This summit is about positioning Australia's superannuation system as a reliable form of long-term capital, and creating stronger partnerships with our US allies."
Hoping to unlock the vast sums of money offered up by Australia's pension pool are a swathe of US financial heavyweights, including JP Morgan and Blackstone.
US companies attending the summit represent a combined market cap of $US1.8 trillion ($A2.83 trillion).
Dr Chalmers met with Blackstone chief executive Stephen Schwarzman and Citigroup CEO Jane Fraser on the sidelines on Monday and is set to speak to JPMorgan CEO Jamie Dimon on Tuesday.
"This landmark super summit is all about stronger returns for Australians from stronger economic ties with the Americans," Dr Chalmers said.
"If super funds return more, then Australians retire with more."
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