The Shadow Assistant Treasurer made the announcement on Saturday morning, saying he wanted to focus on family after 16 years in politics.
"My family has stood with me throughout this time, through thick and thin," Mr Robert said in a statement.
"It is now time for my family to have a husband, a father and a son to stand by them."
Mr Robert served as the minister for veterans' affairs, the minister for the national disability insurance scheme and the minister for government services under the Turnbull and Morrison governments.
He used his retirement statement to call for a more civil federal parliament.
"I do fear division has well and truly entrenched itself in the current parliament," Mr Robert said.
"A kinder and gentler parliament it is not."
Mr Robert's retirement will trigger a federal by-election in the seat of Fadden in Queensland.
It will be another test for the federal opposition, who lost the Aston by-election in Victoria earlier this year.
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