The former defence minister wrote in The Australian that the Defence department was investigating buying two Virginia-class nuclear-powered submarines from the United States by 2030.
Mr Dutton also questioned Labor's commitment to the AUKUS trilateral security partnership, where Australia would acquire eight nuclear submarines to replace the dated Collins-class fleet.
"I really worry that Labor is now walking away from AUKUS, from the submarine deal, and that is clearly not in our national interest," he told Sydney radio 2GB on Thursday.
Mr Dutton said had the coalition been re-elected, the government could have been ready to make an announcement on which submarine class to go with as early as July.
Defence Minister Richard Marles criticised Mr Dutton for his "loose" comments, which he said undermined the agreement between the US, United Kingdom and Australia.
"This is rank politics and is completely inconsistent with everything Peter Dutton was doing and saying in government," he said.
But Mr Dutton doubled down, saying his remarks weren't beyond what was already publicly available.
"Richard Marles' opening comments as defence minister said loud and clear that Labor is thinking about ditching the nuclear submarine plan and it would be a disaster for our country," he told the Nine Network on Friday.
"If Labor is going to butcher that, and they don't have the money to pay for it, they should be upfront and say it."
Labor minister Tony Burke dismissed Mr Dutton's claims, saying the government was supportive of the partnership.
"We're signed up to AUKUS," he said.
"The prime minister was straight across to the Quad meeting (in Japan after the election) and the relationship with our key ally in the United States was affirmed immediately."
Meanwhile, Australia won't be gaining any concessions from New Zealand in terms of access for nuclear submarines.
New Zealand Prime Minister Jacinda Ardern told reporters in Sydney after a meeting with Anthony Albanese her nation would remain a nuclear-free zone.
"We've always had a long-standing relationship, friendship, partnership, and we're allies," she said.
"Those principles are well understood and they're not a point of tension at all."
Opposition foreign spokesman Simon Birmingham said he didn't believe Mr Dutton's comments risked damaging the US security partnership.
"These matters are subject to a lot of different public commentary ... it's important that we can have proper discussion, but that we keep the focus on capability," he told Sky News.
Independent senator Rex Patrick labelled the government's canning of a $90 billion defence contract for French submarines a "total policy failure".
The current Collins submarines were going to be replaced by another conventional fleet to be built by the French Naval group in South Australia.
But the program was scrapped last year - expected to cost the taxpayer up to $5.5 billion - after the Morrison government decided to instead pursue nuclear-powered submarines under the AUKUS partnership.
"It's just unbelievable that we got here," Senator Patrick told politics podcast Democracy Sausage.
"And I also find it disturbing that along the way no one's been held accountable for the delay that we have in terms of (navy) capability, from a national security perspective, or for the taxpayers' money that has been spent."
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