Jabeur, the sixth seed, was beaten in three sets in the showpiece match last year, having won the first set.
The Tunisian lined up the chance of revenge by trashing two-time Wimbledon champion Petra Kvitova on Centre Court, dishing out a 6-0 6-3 hammering in just over an hour.
"(The quarter-final) will be a difficult match, I am going for my revenge," said Jabeur.
"It was a difficult final last year, it is going to bring a lot of memories, I am hoping to play like today and get the win, it will be a difficult match."
Third-seeded Rybakina advanced having barely broken sweat when Beatriz Haddad Maia retired from their match after 21 minutes' play with a hip injury.
The Brazilian had a lengthy medical timeout trailing 3-1 and tried to carry on but after being unable to move during a Rybakina service game it was clear that she could not continue.
Having been in tears throughout the last game, she reluctantly walked to the net and shook hands with the score at 4-1
Australian Open champion Aryna Sabalenka gained a comfortable 6-4 6-0 victory over Russian Ekaterina Alexandrova.
In the last eight the second-seeded world No.2, who could end the fortnight as No.1 if she wins the title, will meet Madison Keys.
The American beat Russian teen sensation Mirra Andreeva, defeating the 16-year-old 3-6 7-6 (7-4) 6-2 .
Women's quarter-finals (seed in brackets): Iga Swiatek (1) v Elina Svitolina; Jessica Pegula (4) v Marketa Vondrousova, Ons Jabeur (6) v Elena Rybakina (3), Madison Keys (25) v Aryna Sabalenka (2)
with agencies
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