With Socceroos coach Tony Popovic in the stands at Campbelltown Stadium, Teague's fourth-minute opener on Friday night helped Victory exact "payback" against the team that denied them Australia Cup silverware.
He had missed last round's 2-0 loss to leaders Auckland FC with an ankle injury, when Victory clearly missed his presence.
Kasey Bos added another in the 36th minute before Chris Ikonomidis pulled one back in the 68th minute.
But goalkeeper Jack Duncan, earning a recall following a foot injury to Mitch Langerak, proved his mettle to keep Macarthur at bay as heavy rain hampered movement in the second half.
Victory's win on Anzac Day seals a finals spot with a game to spare, with Arthur Diles's men sitting third on 42 points ahead of the weekend's matches.
Diles said the result provided revenge for Victory, still burning from last September's Australia Cup final loss to Macarthur.
"We're still hurting from the Cup final and there was payback for that as well," Diles said.
"We always knew that second half was going to be difficult because they had everything to play for, like we did.
"And in the end, you've got to weather the storm."Â
Macarthur's finals hopes are over, on 33 points behind seventh-placed Adelaide (37) heading into the final home-and-away round.
Auckland lead on 50 points, followed by fellow top six teams Melbourne City (44), Western United (41) and Western Sydney (40) and Sydney (37).
Adelaide have a bye next weekend, while Victory return home to play Newcastle at AAMI Park and Macarthur host Western Sydney.
"They should have been motivated - it's a big match against a big club, finals football on the line," Bulls coach Mile Sterjovski said.
"I don't think that was a question, but we were playing against a quality team.
"If you start flat and you're not on your game, they can punish you - and they did."
Daniel Arzani, looking to impress Popovic ahead of World Cup qualifiers against Japan and Saudi Arabia, was also busy for Victory on the right wing and proved a nuisance, especially to Macarthur captain Luke Brattan.
Arzani flashed his quality with an incisive shot from the wing in the 50th minute, denied only by the far post.
Victory shot-stopper Duncan almost gifted a goal in the 20th minute after sending the ball straight to opposition defender Kevin Boli.
Machach tried to intervene but Boli was quick enough to get the ball moving and help set up Jake Hollman.
Luckily for Duncan, Hollman sent his shot wide.
Duncan had started the first 13 matches of the season before former Socceroos goalkeeper Langerak returned to Victory during the January transfer window after 14 years abroad.
Victory have yet to determine a recovery timeline for injured Langerak.
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