But Lachie Hearne also cracked a maiden one-day ton and led Queensland to a 54-run win over NSW.
Despite Konstas's 116, NSW were dismissed for 256 on Thursday in reply to the home team's 9-310 at Allan Border Field.
Hearne, who moved from NSW more than a year ago, top-scored for Queensland with 107 and the No.5 led the rescue mission after they had slumped to 4-54.
Konstas was sent home early from the Sri Lanka tour without playing in either Test and only made three and 22 in the Sheffield Shield match earlier this week against Queensland at the Gabba.
The 19-year-old, whose Boxing Day Test debut was one of the highlights of the summer, shone on Thursday as he anchored the NSW innings in his second domestic one dayer.
While Konstas was still in, NSW had a glimmer of hope that they could pull off a stunning win.
Play was held up for five minutes after he cramped badly and dropped to the turf, but after treatment he was able to keep batting.
"The legs are a bit sore, unfortunately we couldn't get the job done," Konstas said.
"I was carrying on a bit, but we're good now."
Konstas said the message from national selectors after Sri Lanka had been simple: "Just to keep knocking the door down and keep scoring runs - pretty simple ... put my best foot forward."
Hearne, 24, also showed he is an emerging talent with his crucial knock. His 107 came from 91 balls and featured four fours and seven sixes.
The highlight was four successive sixes from a Moises Henriques over.
"It's always good to get a hundred against the old team. It's so good up here, I love it so much and I'm grateful for the opportunity," Hearne said.
"I feel like my confidence at this level has definitely changed. I feel like I can succeed at this level now."
Hearne added that until Konstas became the ninth NSW wicket to fall, anxiety about the result had lingered.
"I was getting a little bit nervous there, but he batted awesome. It was good to just get them out at the end and ice the game," he said.
Queensland's win leaves both teams with 3-2 records.
Konstas's 98-ball knock featured 13 fours and three sixes. He brought up his century with an outstanding square cut for six.
NSW paid dearly for a mid-innings collapse, slumping from 1-113 to 4-118 as Callum Vidler snared two wickets in an over, removing Henriques and Oliver Davies for ducks.
After the start of play was delayed by rain and the match shortened to 45 overs per side, the bowler-friendly conditions meant it was a good toss for NSW to win.
Hearne combined with Max Bryant (34) and big hitting Jack Wildemuth (83 from 56 balls, with six fours and five sixes) in two century partnerships that swung the game
NSW opening bowler Jack Nisbet took 4-49, while Queensland's Liam Guthrie snared 3-45.
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