After being dropped twice during the first session of day two, Sutherland made it to the tea break unbeaten on 71 as Australia moved to 2-154 in the sole day-night Test at the MCG.
The 23-year-old never looked back after the early scares, reaching her milestone just after drinks in the second session and remained unbeaten on 109.
In just her sixth match, Sutherland has equalled Betty Wilson and Jill Kennare for the most women's Test centuries by an Australian.
Alyssa Healy is the only Australian wicket to fall so far on day two of the Ashes Test. (James Ross/AAP PHOTOS)
Five women have scored four Test centuries, while England great Janette Brittin stands alone with five.
It is Sutherland's second Ashes century after hitting an unbeaten 137 against England at Nottingham in 2023.
She is the first woman to make a Test ton at the MCG, surpassing England keeper Betty Snowball's 83* in 1935 for highest score at the venue.
Sutherland, who hit her previous two Test centuries lower down the order, was promoted to No.3 after star veteran Ellyse Perry hurt her hip while fielding on Thursday.
But after being assessed overnight, Perry has been declared available to bat during this innings if Australia require her.
Australia have extended their lead past 50, with only captain Alyssa Healy having lost her wicket so far during the second session.
Healy was fuming after being given out lbw, reviewing the decision convinced she had hit it.
But the video evidence was inconclusive, meaning Healy had to depart for 34.
Annabel Sutherland loves Test cricket �— cricket.com.au (@cricketcomau) The hometown star brings up another century in whites with a boundary @hcltech #PlayoftheDay #Ashes pic.twitter.com/AmiXHkDIiQJanuary 31, 2025
Australia continue to pile misery on England, who are staring at being whitewashed for the first time since the women's Ashes changed to a multi-format series in 2013.
Beaten 3-0 across the ODI and T20 series, England's performance has been arguably less competitive than in the shorter formats.
Australia began day two on 1-56, losing just Phoebe Litchfield (45) during the first session.
Quick Lauren Bell (2-30) has taken England's only wickets of the innings, with star spinner Sophie Ecclestone unlucky not to have dismissed Sutherland twice when the Australian was put down by Danni Wyatt-Hodge and keeper Amy Jones.
Beth Mooney has also been dropped twice.
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